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- Middle Eastern states on very different paths. In the Turkish-speaking Anatolian heartland of the empire, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, a military hero of the collapsed empire, revived the #131
- MNC is an acronym for #132
- By the early 1950s, most Arab states were nominally #133
- CENTO Is an acronym for #134
- According to… the Middle East, once an independent civilisation, was turned, under imperialism #135
- … argues, shared Arab identity infuses the content of the foreign policy roles which states assume and generates norms that constrain state sovereignty #136
- … insists that the region demonstrates the universality of realist rules. #137
- The Origin of Alliances (1987) is credited to #138
- … argues that Islam withholds legitimacy from nationally separate states in the name of a Pan-Islamic umma and that its call for the rule of God deters the sense of national citizenship that could solidify identifications with a territorial state #139
- Finally, the … oil boom had an ambivalent but mostly deleterious effect on Arabism. #140